![]() In the study, they assumed that “engagement” is characterised by energy, participation, and effectiveness, which are considered direct opposites of the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and lack of professional efficiency, respectively. ![]() It is known that, when working conditions promote trusted relationships and a cooperative working environment this helps prevent mental illness ( Gomez et al., 2019). Formal aspects are also important, and it is advisable to include images or videos when the information given is positive, and plain text when it is negative ( Chen et al., 2020). In these times of crisis and uncertainty, the influence that Health Authorities have to provide adequate information through the media and social networks is well-known, as this increases the commitment of citizens and fosters higher levels of compliance with preventive measures against COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic poses a huge challenge, affecting all companies worldwide, both in technical and physical aspects, and with sociopsychological repercussions never seen before ( Carnevale and Hatak, 2020). However, experience from previous pandemics and first published results ( Rajkumar, 2020) lead to the idea that it has effects on psychological vulnerability such as resilience, among others ( Conversano et al., 2020). The short time since the start of the pandemic by COVID-19 prevents us from having reliable data on the post-traumatic stress effects of this pandemic. The effects of post-traumatic stress on causing anxiety and depression have evidenced a higher percentage of post-traumatic stress among women ( Carmassi et al., 2018, Christiansen and Elklit, 2008, Ditlevsen and Elklit, 2012) along with high costs for the public health services and for each individual ( Lamoureux-Lamarche et al., 2016). The need for further research has been raised to find out whether the relationship between the SOC and post-traumatic stress is of the causal type, and what factors may moderate it ( Schäfer et al., 2019). It is known that the sense of coherence has a negative correlation with developing post-traumatic stress, which could be equalled to the stress produced by the COVID-19 pandemic, though this correlation is positive with regards to tolerance to extraversion and frustration ( Frommberger et al., 1999). Coping has been positively related to the SOC, and both SOC and engagement have been negatively related to exhaustion ( Mitonga-Monga and Mayer, 2020). The SOC is a source of health promotion and a good predictor of burnout, depression, and job satisfaction rates ( Masanotti et al., 2020). The sense of coherence (SOC), proposed by Antonovsky within the salutogenic model, explains why certain people do not lose their health when faced with stressful situations, strengthening personal resources to prevent both psychic and physical disturbances ( Antonovsky, 1987). ![]() The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a global recession, with great economic volatility and psychological insecurity, which has resulted in companies laying off many employees and empowering information and communication technologies to replace workers with intelligent machines and artificial intelligence ( Ren et al., 2020). It should be reminded that HIV continues claiming more than a million lives worldwide every year ( Collaborators GH, 2016). In a very short time, COVID-19 has transformed and uprooted lives around the world, and while there are clear differences with other pandemics such as HIV, from which it differs in the form of transmission and natural history, these also have points in common like the denial of the associated dangers, or the role that public health may play ( Edelman et al., 2020). COVID-19 is becoming more virulent, with a greater association to admissions in intensive care units and higher mortality ( Huang et al., 2020). The SARS-COV-2, COVID-19, began on 31 December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and was confirmed on 7 January 2020, preceded in the last 20 years by SARS-COV-1 in 2003, and MERS-COV in 2012.
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